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Zinc Manganese Oxide
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- Zinc Manganese Oxide
Description
- General Description
- Application
- Features & Benefits
- Safety Information
General Description
General Description
Zinc Manganese Oxide is one of the most widely used batteries all across the world. It was initially introduced in the 19th century and has evolved over the years. The system operates using a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode. The electrolyte medium is generally an aqueous solution either acidic or alkaline, depending on the variant. These batteries provide an initial voltage ranging from 1.5 V to 1.7 V, gradually decreasing to about 0.8 V as they discharge.
Application
Application
Zinc Manganese Oxides are thermally stable in aqueous solution and offer a safer and sustainable energy storage, which makes them ideal for large scale applications. For instance:
- The batteries are used in flashlights, remote controls, radios, digital cameras, toys, and handheld devices.
- Rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM) batteries are gaining popularity for grid-scale applications.
- Many industrial equipment use ZMO batteries.
- These batteries are often used as emergency backup systems for low-power devices which need dependable output over long periods.
Features & Benefits
Features & Benefits
Zinc Manganese Oxides have a low material and manufacturing cost, suitable for mass production. These are much safer Li-ion batteries which makes them even more popular. Primary cells retain up to 93–96% of capacity after one year, with minimal capacity degradation thereafter. As these batteries are devoid of any toxic components (e.g., lead or cadmium, it makes them environmentally friendly and also recyclable.
Safety Information
Safety Information
Zn–MnO₂ are highly active with high power density and fast kinetics. Using aqueous electrolytes for these kinds of batteries makes it much safer. The solution reduces fire hazards and also makes it thermally stable. However, improper handling or disposal of large-scale systems could pose risks related to electrolyte contact or heavy metal release in older models. Thus, it is recommended to follow local disposal and recycling guidelines.
Lithium-ion Batteries Recycling Process
Advanced mechanical and hydrometallurgical process implementation enabling demanufacturing
from waste batteries to battery-grade material
1
Battery Sorting
Battery Sorting
We accumulate Lithium-ion batteries from various sources and categorize them based on chemical properties (e.g., NMC, LFP, LCO, etc.), size, form factor (pouch, cylindrical, prismatic), and state of health. Sorting out these batteries helps us to carry uniform feedstock for downstream processes and safety during handling.
2
Battery dismantling
Battery dismantling
The process involves both mechanical and manual methods to dismantle battery packs/modules into cells. The components like aluminum/copper foils, plastic casing, and electronics (BMS) are separated. It is a critical step for isolating the electrochemical cells from structural and electronic components.
3
Battery discharging
Battery discharging
In this process, the residual charge in cells is neutralized using controlled discharging protocols or chemical methods. It is essential to prevent short circuits, thermal runaway, or fire hazards during processing.
4
Mechanical extraction
Mechanical extraction
During the mechanical extraction, battery cells go through shredding, crushing, and sieving in an inert or controlled environment to prevent thermal incidents. The process separates materials into:
- Black Mass (cathode/anode active material)
- Metallic fractions (aluminum, copper)
- Non-metallic fractions (plastics, separators)
5
Black Mass leaching(Hydrometallurgy)
Black Mass leaching(Hydrometallurgy)
The black mass leaching is a hydrometallurgical process that involves extracting valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese compounds. The process involves dissolving the black in an aqueous solution, commonly using sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
Recovering Critical Materials and Bringing Clean, Renewed Energy
With cutting-edge facilities and industrial-scale, low-CO2 processes, we extract a higher yield and purity from the end-of-life batteries and recover valuable materials.
- Black mass
- MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)
- Lithium
- Cobalt
- Nickel
- Manganese
- Graphite
- Copper
- Aluminium
Black mass
Black mass is a term used to describe the concentrated powdery substance obtained by recycling scrap batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries. It contains valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, which are critical for producing new batteries and other electronic components. Extracting black mass is an eco-friendly solution to address the growing problem of e-waste while reducing the need for mining raw materials. This process not only helps conserve natural resources but also supports a circular economy by enabling the reuse of finite materials.
MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)
Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) is an intermediate compound rich in nickel. It is produced through the hydrometallurgical processing of laterite ores. MHP is obtained by precipitating nickel using chemical agents under specific conditions, such as temperature, pH, concentration, and reaction time. MHP typically contains both nickel and cobalt and serves as a precursor material for battery-grade cathode synthesis. It has higher specific capacity and longer cycling stability, and is widely used in lithium-ion batteries like NMC111.
Lithium
Lithium is a fundamental element in lithium-ion batteries, which power everything from electric vehicles (EVs) to portable electronics. As the world shifts toward clean energy solutions, the demand for lithium has surged. Recycling lithium from used batteries helps conserve natural resources, reduces the environmental impact of mining, and ensures a more sustainable supply of this critical metal for future battery technologies. Efficient recycling methods also help mitigate the risks of lithium shortages in the face of growing global demand.
Cobalt
Cobalt is an essential metal for increasing the energy density and longevity of lithium-ion batteries. It is primarily used in cathodes to enhance battery performance, particularly in EVs and renewable energy storage systems. However, cobalt mining has raised ethical and environmental concerns due to its extraction in conflict zones and its energy-intensive mining process. Recycling cobalt from spent batteries can address these issues by reducing reliance on newly mined cobalt, promoting sustainable practices, and lowering the environmental footprint of battery production.
Nickel
Nickel is widely used in battery cathodes to improve energy storage capacity and extend battery life, particularly in high-performance electric vehicles. Nickel-rich batteries are gaining popularity for their efficiency in storing and delivering power. Recycling nickel is critical to reducing the environmental toll of mining, which can be energy-intensive and harmful to ecosystems. Reusing nickel in the battery supply chain helps mitigate resource depletion, lowers carbon emissions, and ensures that nickel is available for future advancements in clean energy storage solutions.
Manganese
Manganese is crucial in stabilizing the structure of battery cathodes and optimizing battery life. It plays a key role in the performance of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in medium- and high-power applications like EVs. As demand for such batteries increases, recycling manganese helps reduce the need for new mining operations, which often have negative environmental and social impacts. By recovering manganese from used batteries, we can lower the ecological cost of battery production while supporting the transition to renewable energy.
Graphite
Graphite is a vital component in the anodes of lithium-ion batteries, where it stores and releases electrical energy during charge and discharge cycles. The growing demand for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions has increased the need for high-quality graphite. Since the extraction and processing of natural graphite can be environmentally taxing, recycling graphite from spent batteries reduces the need for mining and supports a circular economy. Recycled graphite can be reused in new batteries, cutting down on waste and lowering the carbon footprint associated with battery production.
Copper
Copper is a key conductor in battery systems, facilitating the efficient transfer of electricity between cells and components. Copper is used extensively in battery wiring, connectors, and current collectors. As the demand for EVs and renewable energy storage solutions rises, recycling copper is essential for reducing mining waste and energy use. Copper recycling not only conserves natural resources but also helps lower the environmental impact of producing new copper, ensuring a sustainable supply for future energy storage technologies.
Aluminium
Aluminium is used in battery casings, current collectors, and other components due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties. In addition to its structural role, aluminium also helps improve the safety and efficiency of battery systems. Recycling aluminium is highly energy-efficient compared to primary production, significantly lowering its environmental impact. By recovering and reusing aluminium from old batteries, we reduce energy consumption and conserve valuable resources, while supporting the circular economy in the growing battery industry.
Recovering Critical Materials and Bringing Clean, Renewed Energy
With cutting-edge facilities and industrial-scale, low-CO2 processes, we extract a higher yield and purity from the end-of-life batteries and recover valuable materials.
Black mass
Black mass
Black mass is a term used to describe the concentrated powdery substance obtained by recycling scrap batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries. It contains valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, which are critical for producing new batteries and other electronic components. Extracting black mass is an eco-friendly solution to address the growing problem of e-waste while reducing the need for mining raw materials. This process not only helps conserve natural resources but also supports a circular economy by enabling the reuse of finite materials.
MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)
MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)
Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) is an intermediate compound rich in nickel. It is produced through the hydrometallurgical processing of laterite ores. MHP is obtained by precipitating nickel using chemical agents under specific conditions, such as temperature, pH, concentration, and reaction time. MHP typically contains both nickel and cobalt and serves as a precursor material for battery-grade cathode synthesis. It has higher specific capacity and longer cycling stability, and is widely used in lithium-ion batteries like NMC111.
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a fundamental element in lithium-ion batteries, which power everything from electric vehicles (EVs) to portable electronics. As the world shifts toward clean energy solutions, the demand for lithium has surged. Recycling lithium from used batteries helps conserve natural resources, reduces the environmental impact of mining, and ensures a more sustainable supply of this critical metal for future battery technologies. Efficient recycling methods also help mitigate the risks of lithium shortages in the face of growing global demand.
Cobalt
Cobalt
Cobalt is an essential metal for increasing the energy density and longevity of lithium-ion batteries. It is primarily used in cathodes to enhance battery performance, particularly in EVs and renewable energy storage systems. However, cobalt mining has raised ethical and environmental concerns due to its extraction in conflict zones and its energy-intensive mining process. Recycling cobalt from spent batteries can address these issues by reducing reliance on newly mined cobalt, promoting sustainable practices, and lowering the environmental footprint of battery production.
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel is widely used in battery cathodes to improve energy storage capacity and extend battery life, particularly in high-performance electric vehicles. Nickel-rich batteries are gaining popularity for their efficiency in storing and delivering power. Recycling nickel is critical to reducing the environmental toll of mining, which can be energy-intensive and harmful to ecosystems. Reusing nickel in the battery supply chain helps mitigate resource depletion, lowers carbon emissions, and ensures that nickel is available for future advancements in clean energy storage solutions.
Manganese
Manganese
Manganese is crucial in stabilizing the structure of battery cathodes and optimizing battery life. It plays a key role in the performance of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in medium- and high-power applications like EVs. As demand for such batteries increases, recycling manganese helps reduce the need for new mining operations, which often have negative environmental and social impacts. By recovering manganese from used batteries, we can lower the ecological cost of battery production while supporting the transition to renewable energy.
Graphite
Graphite
Graphite is a vital component in the anodes of lithium-ion batteries, where it stores and releases electrical energy during charge and discharge cycles. The growing demand for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions has increased the need for high-quality graphite. Since the extraction and processing of natural graphite can be environmentally taxing, recycling graphite from spent batteries reduces the need for mining and supports a circular economy. Recycled graphite can be reused in new batteries, cutting down on waste and lowering the carbon footprint associated with battery production.
Copper
Copper
Copper is a key conductor in battery systems, facilitating the efficient transfer of electricity between cells and components. Copper is used extensively in battery wiring, connectors, and current collectors. As the demand for EVs and renewable energy storage solutions rises, recycling copper is essential for reducing mining waste and energy use. Copper recycling not only conserves natural resources but also helps lower the environmental impact of producing new copper, ensuring a sustainable supply for future energy storage technologies.
Aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium is used in battery casings, current collectors, and other components due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties. In addition to its structural role, aluminium also helps improve the safety and efficiency of battery systems. Recycling aluminium is highly energy-efficient compared to primary production, significantly lowering its environmental impact. By recovering and reusing aluminium from old batteries, we reduce energy consumption and conserve valuable resources, while supporting the circular economy in the growing battery industry.
Doing our part for a cleaner planet.
Transitioning to a sustainable future requires the responsible use of our valuable and finite resources.
Through our focus on battery recycling, we aim to minimize environmental impact and foster a sustainable future, keeping our people and planet in mind. This approach allows us to keep the well-being of both nature and communities at the forefront of our operations.
Through our efforts, we seek to drive meaningful change and create a world where future generations can thrive in harmony with their environment. It all starts with Nav Prakriti.
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